The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model divides computer network communication into seven layers. Each layer requires specific security measures to protect against potential vulnerabilities during data transmission and reception. Below is a summary of the potential attack types at each OSI layer and some considerations for securing these layers.

1. Physical Layer – Sniffing
   The type of attack applied at this layer is typically “sniffing.” This refers to the theft or interception of data by monitoring network traffic using a packet sniffer. When data packets are transmitted unencrypted, a sniffer can capture and read the data within these packets.
2. Link Layer – Spoofing
   The attack type commonly seen at this layer is known as “spoofing.” In this deception-based attack, a malicious actor sends a packet from a source that appears to be trusted, tricking the receiver into accepting it as legitimate.
3. Network Layer – Man in the Middle
   At the network layer, the typical attack is the “man in the middle” (MITM) attack. Here, an attacker intercepts and possibly modifies the communication between two parties who believe they are directly connected. Broadcast packets are especially vulnerable to MITM attacks on shared networks.
4. Transport Layer – Reconnaissance/DoS
   This layer is often subject to “reconnaissance” attacks, where threat actors attempt to gather information about an organization’s systems and networks without authorization. Attackers aim to uncover exploitable vulnerabilities, or they may launch a denial-of-service (DoS) attack to disrupt services.
5. Session Layer – Hijacking
   Session hijacking redirects users to a different website than the one they intended to visit. Though commonly used by hackers, it can also be employed at an institutional or governmental level for monitoring purposes.
6. Presentation Layer – Phishing
   Phishing, or baiting, attacks are prevalent at this layer. Hackers use social engineering techniques like sending fake offers or discounts to lure users into providing passwords or other sensitive data.
7. Application Layer – Exploits
   Exploits are codes or programs crafted to take advantage of vulnerabilities and software errors. These codes infiltrate systems, gain unauthorized access, or disable certain functions. Exploits target weak points to infiltrate systems and execute unauthorized actions.

Conclusion
Securing each OSI layer is crucial for a robust network security strategy, as vulnerabilities at any layer can expose a system to significant risk. By understanding these potential attack types, organizations can better implement preventive measures and adopt comprehensive security practices across all OSI layers, helping protect their networks from a range of cyber threats.